Refereed Journal Papers & Book Chapters
2022
71. Liu, N. Y., O. Scholten, J. R. Dwyer, B. M. Hare, C. F. Sterpka, J. N. Tilles, F. D. Lind, Implications of multiple corona bursts in lightning processes for radio frequency interferometer observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2021GL097367, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097367, 2022.
70. Scholten et al., Interferometric imaging of intensely radiating negative leaders, Physical Review D, 105, 6, 062007, https://10.1103/PhysRevD.105.062007, 2022.
69. Liu, N. Y., O. Scholten, B. M. Hare, J. R. Dwyer, C. F. Sterpka, I. Kolmašová, and O. Santolík, LOFAR observation of lightning initial breakdown pulses, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL098073, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098073, 2022.
68. Pu, Y., N. Y. Liu, and S. A. Cummer, Quantification of electric fields in fast breakdown during lightning initiation from VHF-UHF power spectra, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2021GL097374, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097374, 2022.
2021
67. Koile, J.*, N. Y. Liu, and J. Dwyer, Radio frequency emissions from streamer collisions in subbreakdown fields, Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL096214, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096214, 2021.
66. Sterpka et al., The spontaneous nature of lightning initiation revealed, Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL095511, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095511, 2021.
65. Hu, J. J., Y. K. Ma, X. Gao, and N. Y. Liu, Study on dominant parameters determining streamer initiation from hydrometeors in thundercloud fields, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2021JD034936, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034936, 2021.
64. Scholten et al., Time resolved 3D interferometric imaging of a section of a negative leader with LOFAR, Physical Review D, 104, 063022, https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.063022, 2021.
63. Scholten et al., A distinct negative leader propagation mode, Scientific Reports, 11, 16256, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95433-5, 2021.
62. Huang et al., Examining the capacity of Hurricane Matthew (2016) in spawning halo/sprite-producible lightning strokes during its lifetime, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2021JD035097, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035097, 2021.
61. Ma, Y. K., J. J. Hu, X. Gao, and N. Y. Liu, Understanding the dependence of streamer initiation on hydrometeors size using Raether-Meek criterion, Journal of Electrostatics, 112, 103602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2021.103602, 2021.
60. Pu, Y., S. A. Cummer, and N. Y. Liu, VHF radio spectrum of a positive leader and implications for electric fields, Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL093145, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093145, 2021.
59. Scholten et al., Distinguishing features of high altitude negative leaders as observed with LOFAR, Atmospheric Research, 105688, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105688, 2021.
58. Boggs, L. D.*, Liu, N. Y., Nag, A., Walker, T. D., Christian, H. J., da Silva, C. L., et al., Vertical temperature profile of natural lightning return strokes derived from optical spectra, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2020JD034438, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034438, 2021.
2020
57. Liu, N. Y., and J. R. Dwyer, Thunderstorm high frequency radio bursts with weak low frequency radiation, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2020GL090325, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090325, 2020.
56. Tilles, J. N., P. R. Krehbiel, M. A. Stanley, W. Rison, N. Y. Liu, F. Lyu, S. A. Cummer, J. R. Dwyer, S. Senay, H. Edens, R. G. Brown, and J. G. Wilson, Radio interferometer observations of an energetic in-cloud pulse reveal large currents generated by relativistic discharges, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere, 125, e2020JD032603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032603, 2020.
55. Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, and J. N. Tilles, Electromagnetic radiation spectrum of a composite system, Physical Review Letters, 125, 025101, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.025101, 2020.
54. Koile, J., F. Shi, N. Y. Liu, J. R. Dwyer, J. N. Tilles, Negative streamer initiation from an isolated Hydrometeor in a sub-breakdown electric field, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2020GL088244, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088244, 2020.
53. Yang et al., Analysis of a gigantic jet in southern China: morphology, meteorology, storm evolution, lightning and narrow bipolar events, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2019JD031538, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031538, 2020.
52. Gao, X., N. Y. Liu, F. Shi, and H. K. Rassoul, Streamer discharge initiation from an isolated spherical hydrometeor at subbreakdown condition. Journal of Electrostatics, 106, 103457, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2020.103457, 2020.
2019
51. Liu, N. Y., Jets, Reference Modules in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11594-5, 2019.
50. Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, J. N. Tilles, M. A. Stanley, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, R. G. Brown, and J. G. Wilson, Understanding the radio spectrum of narrow bipolar events, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030439, 2019.
49. Wu, J., X. Gao, Y. K. Ma, and N. Y. Liu, Streamer initiation from column hydrometeor at weak ambient electric field, Plasma Research Express, 1, 035009, https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1067/ab37cd, 2019.
48. Ihaddadene, K. M. A., J. R. Dwyer, N. Y. Liu, S. J. Celestin, and F. Shi, Modeling of a new streamer-electron acceleration mechanism, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026084, 2019.
47. Tilles, J. N., N. Y. Liu, M. A. Stanley, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, M. G. Stock, J. R. Dwyer, R. G. Brown, and J. G. Wilson, Fast negative breakdown in thunderstorms, Nature Communications, 10:1648, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09621-z, 2019.
46. Boggs, L. D., N. Y. Liu, M. Peterson, S. Lazarus, M. Splitt, F. Lucena, A. Nag, H. K. Rassoul, First observations of gigantic jets from geostationary orbit,Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 3999–4006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082278, 2019.
45. Shi, F., N. Y. Liu, J. R. Dwyer, and K. Ihaddadene, VHF and UHF electromagnetic radiation produced by streamers in lightning, Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 443–451, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080309, 2019.
2018
44. Boggs, L. D., N. Y. Liu, J. A. Riousset, F. Shi, S. Lazarus, M. Splitt, and H. K. Rassoul, Thunderstorm charge structures producing gigantic jets, Scientific Reports, 8:18085, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36309-z, 2018.
43. Yang, J., M. Sato, N. Y. Liu, G. P. Lu, Y. Wang, and Z. C. Wang, Characteristics of thunderstorm structure and lightning activity causing negative and positive sprites, Journal Geophysics Research: Atmospheres, 123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD026759, 2018.
42. Yang, J., M. Sato, N. Y. Liu, G. P. Lu, Y. Wang, and Z. C. Wang, A gigantic jet observed over a MCS in middle latitude region, Journal Geophysics Research: Atmospheres, 123, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026878, 2018.
2017
41. Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, and S. A. Cummer, Elves accompanying terrestrial gamma ray flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122, 10,563–10,576, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024344, 2017.
40. Shi, F., N. Y. Liu, and J. R. Dwyer, Three-dimensional modeling of two interacting streamers, Journal Geophysics Research: Atmospheres, 122, 10,169–10,176, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026935, 2017.
39. Dwyer, J. R., N. Y. Liu, J. E. Grove, H. R. Rassoul, and D. M. Smith, Characterizing the source properties of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122, 8915–8932, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024141, 2017.
38. Yang, J., G. P. Lu, N. Y. Liu, M. Sato, G. L. Feng, Y. Wang, and J. K. Chou, Sprite possibly produced by two distinct positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes, Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 28, 609-624, https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2016.07.22.01, 2017.
37. Cramer, E. S., M. S. Briggs, N. Y. Liu, B. Mailyan, J. R. Dwyer, and H. K. Rassoul, The impact on the ozone layer from NOx produced by terrestrial gamma ray flashes, Geophysical Research Letters, 44, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073215, 2017.
36. Yang, J., G. P. Lu, N. Y. Liu, H. H. Cui, and Y. Wang, Analysis of a mesoscale convective system which produced a single sprite, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 34, 258, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6092-0, 2017.
2016
35. Shi, F., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Properties of relatively long streamers initiated from an isolated hydrometeor, Journal of Geophysical Research, 121, 7284–7295, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024580, 2016.
34. Liu, N. Y., L. D. Boggs, and S. A. Cummer, Observation-constrained modeling of the ionospheric impact of negative sprites, Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 2365–2373, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068256, 2016.
33. Boggs, L. D., N. Y. Liu, M. Splitt, S. Lazarus, C. Glenn, H. K. Rassoul, and S. A. Cummer, An analysis of five negative sprite-parent discharges and their associated thunderstorm charge structures, Journal of Geophysical Research, 121, 759–784, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024188, 2016.
32. Salem, M., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Modification of the lower ionospheric conductivity by thunderstorm electrostatic fields, Geophysical Research Letters, 42,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066933, 2016.
2015
31. Lazarus, S., M. Splitt, J. Brownlee, N. Spiva, and N. Y. Liu, A thermodynamic, kinematic and microphysical analysis of a jet and gigantic jet-producing Florida thunderstorm, Journal of Geophysical Research, 120, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023383, 2015.
30. (Invited Review) Liu, N. Y., M. G. McHarg, and H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, High-altitude electrical discharges associated with thunderstorms and lightning, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 136, 98-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.05.013, 2015.
29. Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and M. G. McHarg, Sprite streamer initiation from natural mesospheric structures, Nature Communications, 6:7540, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8540, 2015.
28. Sadighi, S., N. Y. Liu, J. R. Dwyer, H. K. Rassoul, Streamer formation and branching from model hydrometeors in subbreakdown conditions inside thunderclouds, Journal of Geophysical Research, 120,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022724, 2015.
27. Salem, M., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Effects of small thundercloud electrostatic fields on the ionospheric density profile, Geophysical Research Letters, 42,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063268, 2015.
26. Liu, N. Y, N. Spiva, J. R. Dwyer, H. K. Rassoul, D. Free, and S. A. Cummer, Upward electrical discharges observed above Tropical Depression Dorian, Nature Communications, 6:5995, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6995, 2015.
2014
25. Cramer, E. S., J. R. Dwyer, S. Arabshahi, I. B. Vodopiyanov, N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, An analytical approach for calculating energy spectra of relativistic runaway electron avalanches in air, Journal of Geophysical Research, 119, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020265, 2014.
24. Schaal, M. M., J. R. Dwyer, S. Arabshahi, E. Cramer, R. Lucia, N. Y. Liu, H. K. Rassoul, D. Smith, J. Matten, A. Reid, J. Hill, D. Jordan, and M. Uman, The structure of x-ray emissions from triggered lightning leaders measured by a pinhole-type x-ray camera, Journal of Geophysical Research, 119, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020266, 2014.
23. Liu, N. Y., Upper atmospheric electrical discharges, in The Lightning Flash, ed. V. Cooray, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, p. 725-786, 2014.
2013
22. Kosar, B. C., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Formation of sprite streamers at subbreakdown conditions from ionospheric inhomogeneities resembling observed sprite halo structures, Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 6282–6287, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058294, 2013.
21. (Frontier Article in Geophysical Research Letters) Dwyer, J. R., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Properties of the thundercloud discharges responsible for terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, Geophysical Research Letters, 40(15), 4067-4073, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50742, 2013.
20. Liu, N. Y., and J. R. Dwyer, Modeling terrestrial gamma-ray flashes produced by relativistic feedback discharges, Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, 2359–2376, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50232, 2013.
2012
19. Dwyer, J. R., M. M. Schaal, E. Cramer, S. Arabshahi, N. Y. Liu, H. K. Rassoul, J. D. Hill, D. M. Jordan, and M. A. Uman, Observation of a gamma-ray flash at ground level in association with a cloud-to-ground lightning return stroke, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, A10303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017810, 2012.
18. Kosar, B. C., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Luminosity and propagation characteristics of sprite streamers initiated from small ionospheric disturbances at subbreakdown conditions, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, A08328, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017632, 2012.
17. Liu, N. Y., B. Kosar, S. Sadighi, J. R. Dwyer, and H. K. Rassoul, Formation of streamer discharges from an isolated ionization column at subbreakdown conditions, Physical Review Letters, 109, 025002, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.025002, 2012.
16. Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, and H. K. Rassoul, Effects of pressure and humidity on positive corona inception from thundercloud hydrometeors, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.01.012, 2012.
15. Liu, N. Y., Multiple ion species fluid modeling of sprite halos and the role of electron detachment of O- in their dynamics, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, A03308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017062, 2012.
2011 and before
14. Liu, N. Y., V. P. Pasko, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and M. G. McHarg, Sprite streamers imaged at different exposure times, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 39(11), 2710, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2011.2159517, 2011.
13. Liu, N. Y., Model of sprite streamer luminous trail caused by increasing streamer current, Geophysical Research Letters, L04102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042214, 2010.
12. Liu, N.Y., and V. P. Pasko, NO-gamma emissions from streamer discharges: Direct electron impact excitation versus resonant energy transfer, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 43, 082001, https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/8/082001, 2010.
11. Liu, N. Y., V. P. Pasko, H. Frey, S. Mende, H.-T. Su, A. Chen, R. R. Hsu, and L.-C. Lee, Assessment of sprite initiating electric fields and quenching altitude of a1Pg state of N2 using sprite streamer modeling and ISUAL spectrophotometric measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, A00E02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013735, 2009.
10. Liu, N. Y., V. P. Pasko, K. Adams, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and M. G. McHarg, Comparison of acceleration, expansion and brightness of sprite streamers obtained from modeling and high-speed video observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, A00E03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013720, 2009.
9. Liu, N. Y., S. Celestin, A. Bourdon, V. P. Pasko, P. Segur, and E. Marode, Photoionization and optical emission effects of positive streamers in air at ground pressure, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 36(4), 942, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2008.927088,2008.
8. Liu, N. Y., S. Celestin, A. Bourdon, V. P. Pasko, P. Segur, and E. Marode, Application of photoionization models based on radiative transfer and the Helmholtz equations to studies of streamers in weak electric fields, Applied Physics Letters, 91, 211501, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2816906, 2007.
7. Liu, N. Y., and V. P. Pasko, Modeling studies of NO-gamma emissions of sprites, Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L16103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030352, 2007.
6. Bourdon, A., V. P. Pasko, N. Y. Liu, S. Celestin, P. Segur, and E. Marode, Efficient models for photoionization produced by non-thermal gas discharges in air based on radiative transfer and Helmholtz equations, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 16, 656-678, https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/16/3/026, 2007.
5. Liu, N. Y., and V. P. Pasko, Effects of photoionization on similarity properties of streamers at various pressures in air, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 39, 327-334, https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/2/013, 2006.
4. Moss, G. D., V. P. Pasko, N. Y. Liu, and G. Veronis, Monte Carlo model for analysis of thermal runaway electrons in streamer tips in transient luminous events and streamer zones of lightning leaders, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, A02307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011350, 2006.
3. Liu, N. Y., V. P. Pasko, D. H. Burkhardt, H. Frey, S. Mende, H.-T. Su, A. Chen, R. R. Hsu, L.-C. Lee, H. Fukunishi, and Y. Takahashi, Comparison of results from sprite streamer modeling with spectrophotometric measurements by ISUAL instrument on FORMOSAT-2 satellite, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L01101,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024243, 2006.
2. Liu, N. Y., and V. P. Pasko, Molecular nitrogen LBH band system far-UV emissions of sprite streamers, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L05104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022001, 2005.
1. Liu, N. Y., and V. P. Pasko, Effects of photoionization on propagation and branching of positive and negative streamers in sprites, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, A04301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010064, 2004.