{"id":28,"date":"2023-08-09T13:17:29","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T17:17:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/?page_id=28"},"modified":"2024-01-19T09:20:55","modified_gmt":"2024-01-19T14:20:55","slug":"papers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/papers\/","title":{"rendered":"Papers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t

Refereed Journal Papers\u00a0&\u00a0Book Chapters\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\t

2022<\/strong><\/p>\n71.\u00a0<\/strong>Liu, N. Y., O. Scholten, J. R. Dwyer, B. M. Hare, C. F. Sterpka, J. N. Tilles, F. D. Lind, Implications of multiple corona bursts in lightning processes for radio frequency interferometer observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2021GL097367,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021GL097367<\/a>, 2022.
\n70.<\/strong>\u00a0Scholten et al., Interferometric imaging of intensely radiating negative leaders,\u00a0Physical Review D<\/i>, 105, 6, 062007,\u00a0https:\/\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.105.062007<\/a>, 2022.
\n69.<\/strong>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., O. Scholten, B. M. Hare, J. R. Dwyer, C. F. Sterpka, I. Kolma\u0161ov\u00e1, and O. Santol\u00edk, LOFAR observation of lightning initial breakdown pulses, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL098073,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2022GL098073<\/a>, 2022.
\n68.<\/strong>\u00a0Pu, Y., N. Y. Liu, and S. A. Cummer, Quantification of electric fields in fast breakdown during lightning initiation from VHF-UHF power spectra, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2021GL097374,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021GL097374<\/a>, 2022.\n\t

2021<\/strong><\/p>\n67.\u00a0<\/strong>Koile, J.*, N. Y. Liu, and J. Dwyer, Radio frequency emissions from streamer collisions in subbreakdown fields, Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL096214,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021GL096214<\/a>, 2021.
\n66.<\/strong>\u00a0Sterpka et al., The spontaneous nature of lightning initiation revealed, Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL095511,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021GL095511<\/a>, 2021.
\n65.<\/strong>\u00a0Hu, J. J., Y. K. Ma, X. Gao, and N. Y. Liu, Study on dominant parameters determining streamer initiation from hydrometeors in thundercloud fields,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres<\/i>, 126, e2021JD034936,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021JD034936<\/a>, 2021.
\n64.<\/strong>\u00a0Scholten et al., Time resolved 3D interferometric imaging of a section of a negative leader with LOFAR,\u00a0Physical Review D<\/i>, 104, 063022,\u00a0https:\/\/link.aps.org\/doi\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.104.063022<\/a>, 2021.
\n63.<\/strong>\u00a0Scholten et al., A distinct negative leader propagation mode,\u00a0Scientific Reports<\/i>, 11, 16256,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95433-5<\/a>, 2021.
\n62.<\/strong>\u00a0Huang et al., Examining the capacity of Hurricane Matthew (2016) in spawning halo\/sprite-producible lightning strokes during its lifetime,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres<\/i>, 126, e2021JD035097,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021JD035097<\/a>, 2021.
\n61.<\/strong>\u00a0Ma, Y. K., J. J. Hu, X. Gao, and N. Y. Liu, Understanding the dependence of streamer initiation on hydrometeors size using Raether-Meek criterion,\u00a0Journal of Electrostatics<\/i>, 112, 103602,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.elstat.2021.103602<\/a>, 2021.
\n60.<\/strong>\u00a0Pu, Y., S. A. Cummer, and N. Y. Liu, VHF radio spectrum of a positive leader and implications for electric fields,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 48, e2021GL093145,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021GL093145<\/a>, 2021.
\n59.<\/strong>\u00a0Scholten et al., Distinguishing features of high altitude negative leaders as observed with LOFAR,\u00a0Atmospheric Research<\/i>, 105688,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105688<\/a>, 2021.
\n58.<\/strong>\u00a0Boggs, L. D.*, Liu, N. Y., Nag, A., Walker, T. D., Christian, H. J., da Silva, C. L., et al., Vertical temperature profile of natural lightning return strokes derived from optical spectra,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres<\/i>, 126, e2020JD034438,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020JD034438<\/a>, 2021.\n\t

2020<\/strong><\/p>\n57.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., and J. R. Dwyer, Thunderstorm high frequency radio bursts with weak low frequency radiation,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 47, e2020GL090325,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020GL090325<\/a>, 2020.
\n56.<\/b>\u00a0Tilles, J. N., P. R. Krehbiel, M. A. Stanley, W. Rison, N. Y. Liu, F. Lyu, S. A. Cummer, J. R. Dwyer, S. Senay, H. Edens, R. G. Brown, and J. G. Wilson, Radio interferometer observations of an energetic in-cloud pulse reveal large currents generated by relativistic discharges,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere<\/i>, 125, e2020JD032603,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020JD032603<\/a>, 2020.
\n55.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, and J. N. Tilles, Electromagnetic radiation spectrum of a composite system,\u00a0Physical Review Letters<\/i>, 125, 025101,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.025101<\/a>, 2020.
\n54.<\/b>\u00a0Koile, J., F. Shi, N. Y. Liu, J. R. Dwyer, J. N. Tilles, Negative streamer initiation from an isolated Hydrometeor in a sub-breakdown electric field,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 47, e2020GL088244,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020GL088244<\/a>, 2020.
\n53.<\/b>\u00a0Yang et al., Analysis of a gigantic jet in southern China: morphology, meteorology, storm evolution, lightning and narrow bipolar events,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres<\/i>, 125, e2019JD031538,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JD031538<\/a>, 2020.
\n52.<\/b>\u00a0Gao, X., N. Y. Liu, F. Shi, and H. K. Rassoul, Streamer discharge initiation from an isolated spherical hydrometeor at subbreakdown condition.\u00a0Journal of Electrostatics<\/i>,\u00a0106<\/i>, 103457,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.elstat.2020.103457<\/a>, 2020.\n\t

2019<\/strong><\/p>\n51.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., Jets, Reference Modules in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.11594-5<\/a>, 2019.
\n50.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, J. N. Tilles, M. A. Stanley, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, R. G. Brown, and J. G. Wilson, Understanding the radio spectrum of narrow bipolar events, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JD030439<\/a>, 2019.
\n49.<\/b>\u00a0Wu, J., X. Gao, Y. K. Ma, and N. Y. Liu, Streamer initiation from column hydrometeor at weak ambient electric field, Plasma Research Express, 1, 035009,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2516-1067\/ab37cd<\/a>, 2019.
\n48.<\/b>\u00a0Ihaddadene, K. M. A., J. R. Dwyer, N. Y. Liu, S. J. Celestin, and F. Shi, Modeling of a new streamer-electron acceleration mechanism, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018JA026084<\/a>, 2019.
\n47.<\/b>\u00a0Tilles, J. N., N. Y. Liu, M. A. Stanley, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, M. G. Stock, J. R. Dwyer, R. G. Brown, and J. G. Wilson, Fast negative breakdown in thunderstorms,\u00a0Nature Communications<\/i>, 10:1648,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-09621-z<\/a>, 2019.
\n46.<\/b>\u00a0Boggs, L. D., N. Y. Liu, M. Peterson, S. Lazarus, M. Splitt, F. Lucena, A. Nag, H. K. Rassoul, First observations of gigantic jets from geostationary orbit,Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 46, 3999-4006,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019GL082278<\/a>, 2019.
\n45.<\/b>\u00a0Shi, F., N. Y. Liu, J. R. Dwyer, and K. Ihaddadene, VHF and UHF electromagnetic radiation produced by streamers in lightning,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 46, 443-451,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018GL080309<\/a>, 2019.\n\t

2018<\/strong><\/p>\n44.<\/b>\u00a0Boggs, L. D., N. Y. Liu, J. A. Riousset, F. Shi, S. Lazarus, M. Splitt, and H. K. Rassoul,\u00a0<\/b>Thunderstorm charge structures producing gigantic jets,\u00a0Scientific Reports<\/i>, 8:18085,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-36309-z<\/a>, 2018.
\n43.<\/b>\u00a0Yang, J., M. Sato, N. Y. Liu, G. P. Lu, Y. Wang, and Z. C. Wang, Characteristics of thunderstorm structure and lightning activity causing negative and positive sprites,\u00a0Journal Geophysics Research: Atmospheres<\/i>, 123,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2017JD026759<\/a>, 2018.
\n42.<\/b>\u00a0Yang, J., M. Sato, N. Y. Liu, G. P. Lu, Y. Wang, and Z. C. Wang, A gigantic jet observed over a MCS in middle latitude region,\u00a0Journal Geophysics Research: Atmospheres<\/i>, 123,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017JD026878<\/a>, 2018.\n\t

2017<\/strong><\/p>\n41.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, and S. A. Cummer, Elves accompanying terrestrial gamma ray flashes,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics,\u00a0<\/i>122, 10,563-10,576,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017JA024344<\/a>, 2017.
\n40.<\/b>\u00a0Shi, F., N. Y. Liu, and J. R. Dwyer, Three-dimensional modeling of two interacting streamers,\u00a0Journal Geophysics Research: Atmospheres<\/i>, 122, 10,169-10,176,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017JD026935<\/a>, 2017.
\n39.<\/b>\u00a0Dwyer, J. R., N. Y. Liu, J. E. Grove, H. R. Rassoul, and D. M. Smith, Characterizing the source properties of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics<\/i>, 122, 8915-8932,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017JA024141<\/a>, 2017.
\n38.<\/b>\u00a0Yang, J., G. P. Lu, N. Y. Liu, M. Sato, G. L. Feng, Y. Wang, and J. K. Chou, Sprite possibly produced by two distinct positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes,\u00a0Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences<\/i>, 28, 609-624,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3319\/TAO.2016.07.22.01<\/a>, 2017.
\n37.<\/b>\u00a0Cramer, E. S., M. S. Briggs,\u00a0N. Y. Liu, B. Mailyan, J. R. Dwyer, and H. K. Rassoul, The impact on the ozone layer from NOx produced by terrestrial gamma ray \ufb02ashes,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 44,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017GL073215<\/a>, 2017.
\n36.<\/b>\u00a0Yang, J., G. P. Lu, N. Y. Liu, H. H. Cui, and Y. Wang, Analysis of a mesoscale convective system which produced a single sprite,\u00a0Advances in Atmospheric Sciences<\/i>, 34, 258,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00376-016-6092-0<\/a>, 2017.\n\t

2016<\/strong><\/p>\n35.<\/b>\u00a0Shi, F., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Properties of relatively long streamers initiated from an isolated hydrometeor,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 121, 7284-7295,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JD024580<\/a>, 2016.
\n34.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., L. D. Boggs, and S. A. Cummer, Observation-constrained modeling of the ionospheric impact of negative sprites,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>,\u00a043<\/i>, 2365-2373,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016GL068256<\/a>, 2016.\u00a0
\n33.<\/b>\u00a0Boggs, L. D., N. Y. Liu, M. Splitt, S. Lazarus, C. Glenn, H. K. Rassoul, and S. A. Cummer, An analysis of five negative sprite-parent discharges and their associated thunderstorm charge structures,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 121, 759-784,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JD024188<\/a>, 2016.
\n32.<\/b>\u00a0Salem, M., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Modification of the lower ionospheric conductivity by thunderstorm electrostatic fields,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 42,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015GL066933<\/a>, 2016.\n\t

2015<\/strong><\/p>\n31.<\/b>\u00a0Lazarus, S., M. Splitt, J. Brownlee, N. Spiva, and N. Y. Liu, A thermodynamic, kinematic and microphysical analysis of a jet and gigantic jet-producing Florida thunderstorm,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 120,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JD023383<\/a>, 2015.
\n30. (Invited Review)\u00a0<\/b>Liu, N. Y., M. G. McHarg, and H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, High-altitude electrical discharges associated with thunderstorms and lightning,\u00a0Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics<\/i>, 136, 98-118,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jastp.2015.05.013<\/a>, 2015.\u00a0
\n29.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and M. G. McHarg, Sprite streamer initiation from natural mesospheric structures,\u00a0Nature Communications<\/i>, 6:7540,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms8540<\/a>, 2015.
\n28.<\/b>\u00a0Sadighi, S., N. Y. Liu, J. R. Dwyer, H. K. Rassoul, Streamer formation and branching from model hydrometeors in subbreakdown conditions inside thunderclouds,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 120,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014JD022724<\/a>, 2015.
\n27.<\/b>\u00a0Salem, M., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Effects of small thundercloud electrostatic fields on the ionospheric density profile,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 42,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015GL063268<\/a>, 2015.
\n26.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y, N. Spiva, J. R. Dwyer, H. K. Rassoul, D. Free, and S. A. Cummer, Upward electrical discharges observed above Tropical Depression Dorian,\u00a0Nature Communications<\/i>, 6:5995,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms6995<\/a>, 2015.\n\t

2014<\/strong><\/p>\n25.<\/b>\u00a0Cramer, E. S., J. R. Dwyer, S. Arabshahi, I. B. Vodopiyanov, N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, An analytical approach for calculating energy spectra of relativistic runaway electron avalanches in air,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 119,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014JA020265<\/a>, 2014.
\n24.<\/b>\u00a0Schaal, M. M., J. R. Dwyer, S. Arabshahi, E. Cramer, R. Lucia, N. Y. Liu, H. K. Rassoul, D. Smith, J. Matten, A. Reid, J. Hill, D. Jordan, and M. Uman, The structure of x-ray emissions from triggered lightning leaders measured by a pinhole-type x-ray camera,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 119,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013JD020266<\/a>, 2014.
\n23.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., Upper atmospheric electrical discharges, in\u00a0The Lightning Flash<\/i>, ed. V. Cooray, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, p. 725-786, 2014.\n\t

2013<\/strong><\/p>\n22.<\/b>\u00a0Kosar, B. C., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Formation of sprite streamers at subbreakdown conditions from ionospheric inhomogeneities resembling observed sprite halo structures,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 40, 6282-6287,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013GL058294<\/a>, 2013.
\n21.<\/b>\u00a0(Frontier Article in Geophysical Research Letters<\/b>) Dwyer, J. R., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Properties of the thundercloud discharges responsible for terrestrial gamma-ray flashes,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 40(15), 4067-4073,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/grl.50742<\/a>, 2013.
\n20.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., and J. R. Dwyer, Modeling terrestrial gamma-ray flashes produced by relativistic feedback discharges,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 118, 2359-2376,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgra.50232<\/a>, 2013.\n\t

2012<\/strong><\/p>\n19.<\/b>\u00a0Dwyer, J. R., M. M. Schaal, E. Cramer, S. Arabshahi, N. Y. Liu, H. K. Rassoul, J. D. Hill, D. M. Jordan, and M. A. Uman, Observation of a gamma-ray flash at ground level in association with a cloud-to-ground lightning return stroke,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 117, A10303,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2012JA017810<\/a>, 2012.
\n18.<\/b>\u00a0Kosar, B. C., N. Y. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul, Luminosity and propagation characteristics of sprite streamers initiated from small ionospheric disturbances at subbreakdown conditions,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 117, A08328,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2012JA017632<\/a>, 2012.
\n17.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., B. Kosar, S. Sadighi, J. R. Dwyer, and H. K. Rassoul, Formation of streamer discharges from an isolated ionization column at subbreakdown conditions,\u00a0Physical Review Letters<\/i>, 109, 025002,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.025002,\u00a02012<\/a>.
\n16.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., J. R. Dwyer, and H. K. Rassoul, Effects of pressure and humidity on positive corona inception from thundercloud hydrometeors,\u00a0Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics<\/i>,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jastp.2012.01.012<\/a>, 2012.
\n15.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., Multiple ion species fluid modeling of sprite halos and the role of electron detachment of O- in their dynamics,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 117, A03308,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011JA017062<\/a>, 2012.\n\t

2011 and before<\/strong><\/p>\n14.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., V. P. Pasko, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and M. G. McHarg, Sprite streamers imaged at different exposure times,\u00a0IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science<\/i>, 39(11), 2710,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPS.2011.2159517,\u00a02011<\/a>.
\n13.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., Model of sprite streamer luminous trail caused by increasing streamer current,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, L04102,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009GL042214<\/a>, 2010.
\n12.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N.Y., and V. P. Pasko, NO-gamma emissions from streamer discharges: Direct electron impact excitation versus resonant energy transfer,\u00a0Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics<\/i>, 43, 082001,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0022-3727\/43\/8\/082001<\/a>, 2010.
\n11.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., V. P. Pasko, H. Frey, S. Mende, H.-T. Su, A. Chen, R. R. Hsu, and L.-C. Lee, Assessment of sprite initiating electric fields and quenching altitude of a1<\/sup>Pg\u00a0<\/sub>state of N2\u00a0<\/sub>using sprite streamer modeling and ISUAL spectrophotometric measurements,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 114, A00E02,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008JA013735<\/a>, 2009.
\n10.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., V. P. Pasko, K. Adams, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and M. G. McHarg, Comparison of acceleration, expansion and brightness of sprite streamers obtained from modeling and high-speed video observations,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 114, A00E03,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008JA013720<\/a>, 2009.
\n9.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., S. Celestin, A. Bourdon, V. P. Pasko, P. Segur, and E. Marode, Photoionization and optical emission effects of positive streamers in air at ground pressure,\u00a0IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science<\/i>,\u00a036<\/i>(4), 942,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPS.2008.927088,2008<\/a>.
\n8.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., S. Celestin, A. Bourdon, V. P. Pasko, P. Segur, and E. Marode, Application of photoionization models based on radiative transfer and the Helmholtz equations to studies of streamers in weak electric fields,\u00a0Applied Physics Letters<\/i>, 91, 211501,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.2816906<\/a>, 2007.
\n7.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., and V. P. Pasko, Modeling studies of NO-gamma emissions of sprites,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 34, L16103,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007GL030352<\/a>, 2007.
\n6.<\/b>\u00a0Bourdon, A., V. P. Pasko, N. Y. Liu, S. Celestin, P. Segur, and E. Marode, Efficient models for photoionization produced by non-thermal gas discharges in air based on radiative transfer and Helmholtz equations,\u00a0Plasma Sources Science and Technology<\/i>, 16, 656-678,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0963-0252\/16\/3\/026<\/a>, 2007.
\n5.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., and V. P. Pasko, Effects of photoionization on similarity properties of streamers at various pressures in air,\u00a0Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics<\/i>, 39, 327-334,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0022-3727\/39\/2\/013<\/a>, 2006.
\n4.<\/b>\u00a0Moss, G. D., V. P. Pasko, N. Y. Liu, and G. Veronis, Monte Carlo model for analysis of thermal runaway electrons in streamer tips in transient luminous events and streamer zones of lightning leaders,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 111, A02307,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005JA011350<\/a>, 2006.\u00a0
\n3.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., V. P. Pasko, D. H. Burkhardt, H. Frey, S. Mende, H.-T. Su, A. Chen, R. R. Hsu, L.-C. Lee, H. Fukunishi, and Y. Takahashi, Comparison of results from sprite streamer modeling with spectrophotometric measurements by ISUAL instrument on FORMOSAT-2 satellite,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 33, L01101,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005GL024243<\/a>, 2006.
\n2.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., and V. P. Pasko, Molecular nitrogen LBH band system far-UV emissions of sprite streamers,\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters<\/i>, 32, L05104,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004GL022001<\/a>, 2005.
\n1.<\/b>\u00a0Liu, N. Y., and V. P. Pasko, Effects of photoionization on propagation and branching of positive and negative streamers in sprites,\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research<\/i>, 109, A04301,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JA010064<\/a>, 2004.\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Refereed Journal Papers\u00a0&\u00a0Book Chapters\u00a0 2022 71.\u00a0Liu, N. Y., O. Scholten, J. R. Dwyer, B. M. Hare, C. F. Sterpka, J. N. Tilles, F. D. Lind, Implications of multiple corona bursts in lightning processes for radio frequency interferometer observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2021GL097367,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021GL097367, 2022. 70.\u00a0Scholten et al., Interferometric imaging of intensely radiating negative leaders,\u00a0Physical Review […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":213,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-28","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/213"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28\/revisions\/35"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/ningyuliu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}