{"id":389,"date":"2023-10-06T14:05:18","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T18:05:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/?page_id=389"},"modified":"2024-01-26T15:22:47","modified_gmt":"2024-01-26T20:22:47","slug":"pets","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/older-pages\/pets\/","title":{"rendered":"Pets"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t

French 525 v. American views of pets<\/b><\/p>\nIntroduction
\n<\/b>The United States is a young nation, a proud nation, and one that values progress. As a nation, we are concerned with matters of equality, ethics, and the environment. However, high concern does not equate with high standards. Our concern comes from seeing our mistakes. This is true in the area of animal rights. Animal lovers speak the loudest when animals are mistreated. How progressive are we in our view and care of animals, particularly our pets, the animals that depend on us for life and comfort?\n\"\"<\/a>\nFrance, on the other hand, is an old nation. While they have had many more years to develop thoughtful and efficient policies regarding animals, they have also had more time to develop unhelpful laws, and an old-fashioned, materialistic view of animals.\n\"\"<\/a>\nThis was our question, then. Have our differences in histories led to a difference in the way we treat the things that depend on us? Do we, the progressive Americans, treat our pets in a more humane way, or have the French perfected the optimal model of civilization where humans and animals have finally found their places in society?\nFrom our own experiences, and from what we have already studied about the French, we surmised that while both France and the United States have their individual “good ideas” when it comes to caring for our animals, we also both have failings. There must be something – an approach, a mindset, maybe legislation – that we can learn from each other.\nFamous and Furry<\/b>\nFrance sports high-profile celebrities and high-profile animals. Emmanuel Macron, France’s current president, this past August adopted a Labrador-griffin mixed breed that he named Nemo. Since his addition to the presidential family, Nemo managed to attract the public eye with his general good behavior, canine antics, and most recently his choice in restroom facilities (a palace fireplace during a meeting).\nPresidential pets lead a posh life with plenty of yard and garden to run in, and lots of people to greet on behalf of their owners. There have been many presidential pets. Jacques Chirac had a Maltese Bichon (a little fluffy dog) named Sumo, who, unfortunately, recently became depressed in the absence of a palace life and, after repeatedly attacking his master, was sent to live on a farm away from the city. Francois Hollande owned a Labrador called Philae, a gift from a veterans’ association, Francois Mitterrand had a black Labrador, and even Charles de Gaulle had corgis, to name just a few. These dogs accompanied their masters nearly everywhere and some appeared in their Christmas pictures.\n\"\"<\/a>\nNot all pets in France have turned out well, as can be seen by Sumo’s dramatic change in behavior, and, no matter how avid the animal lover, some people just cannot raise pets. French musician Leo Ferre had a chimp named Pepee that, according to his daughter, ruined her childhood and the family, and grew up to be quite a menace, attacking guests and family members alike. Nevertheless, her owner continued to love her.\n“France Finds ‘Nemo’ As Macron Adopts First Dog.” NDTV. 29 Aug. 2017.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ndtv.com\/offbeat\/france-finds-its-nemo-as-president-emmanuel-macron-adopts-first-dog-1743069<\/a>\n“France’s President Macron adopts a black dog called Nemo.” BBC News. 28 Aug. 2017.\u00a0http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-41074413<\/a>\n“Jacques Chirac banishes pet dog Sumo after latest attack.” The Guardian. 02 Oct. 2009.\u00a0https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/oct\/02\/jacques-chirac-pet-dog-sumo<\/a>\n“Philae, Francois Hollande’s new puppy, a gift from Montreal veterans.” CBC News. 26 Dec. 2014.\u00a0http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/montreal\/philae-fran%C3%A7ois-hollande-s-new-puppy-a-gift-from-montreal-veterans-1.2884195<\/a>\nSamuel, Henry. “Our pet chimpanzee ruined my life, claims stepdaughter of French singer.” The Telegraph. 22 May 2013.\u00a0http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/europe\/france\/10072790\/Our-pet-chimpanzee-ruined-my-life-claims-stepdaughter-of-French-singer.html<\/a>\nAside from personal experiences with owning animals here in the United States, a comparison can also be made with the fact that the vast majority of US presidents have owned pets. Past occupants of the White House have had such unusual pets as snakes, sheep, tiger cubs, cows, raccoons and elephants. Most recently, Bo and Sunny, the dogs belonging to the Obamas, caught the public eye. Americans seem to strongly believe that a person’s character can be judged by how they treat things that are weaker than themselves, specifically animals. Having two dogs join the presidential family under the Obama administration was perfectly natural in America; we would be concerned if there were not animals at the White House (just consider the outrage and scorn towards our current president caused by his lack of pets). Saying someone is “good with animals” is a compliment and a tribute to the goodness of his\/her personality.\n\"\"<\/a>\n“Presidential Pets.” National Geographic Kids.\u00a0https:\/\/kids.nationalgeographic.com\/explore\/history\/presidential-pets\/#bo-white-house.jpg<\/a>\n“The Presidential Pets of the White House.” CNN. 20 Oct. 2017.\u00a0http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2013\/08\/20\/politics\/gallery\/presidential-pets\/index.html<\/a>\nActivism<\/b>\n\"\"<\/a>Brigitte Bardot is one of the strongest examples France can boast of a person who was passionate for animal rights and devoted time, energy, and money to trying to improve the lives of the animals around her. She began as a well-known French film star and beauty but quit to save animals. Her first famous exploit, and the one that set her career of animal activism in motion, was her campaign to save baby seals that were being slaughtered inhumanely for their fur. Since then she worked to have the sale of cat and dog fur banned in Europe, wrote a letter to Karl Lagerfeld’s cat about animal cruelty in the fur trade, took in dozens of animals as her own, and a few years ago threatened to leave France and become a Russian citizen if two aging elephants in a French zoo were euthanized. She also started her own foundation for the protection of animal rights.\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/BprvhH6hc_Q<\/a>\n“Brigitte Bardot: ‘I couldn’t wear Lagerfeld while feeding my goats.” The Guardian. 10 Jul. 2015.\u00a0https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/fashion\/2015\/jul\/10\/brigitte-bardot-i-couldnt-wear-lagerfeld-while-feeding-my-goats<\/a>\nHoron, Sonia. “Brigitte Bardot chooses animals over Hollywood.” Global Animal. 23 Feb. 2012.\u00a0https:\/\/www.globalanimal.org\/2012\/02\/23\/brigitte-bardot-there-are-more-regulations-on-cars-than-for-animals\/<\/a>\nSmith-Clark, Laura. “Brigitte Bardot threatens to spurn France, embrace Russia if two elephants are killed.” CNN. 4 Jan. 2013.\u00a0http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2013\/01\/04\/world\/europe\/france-russia-bardot\/index.html<\/a>\nBoth France and the U.S have created animal rights organizations with the purpose of trying to improve the lives of animals and lobby for laws that protect the rights of animals, specifically pets and farm animals. Despite really being created independently of each other many of these groups have similarities to each other in their mission statements, methods, and development since their creation.\n\"\"<\/a>One organization created by the French for Animal Rights is L214. Founded in 2008 by members of a group originally dedicated to stopping force feeding although they continue the fight against force feeding in L214. L214 derived its name from article L214 from the French rural code in 1974 which is the first law recognizing the sentience of animals and the importance of treating them kindly. Art L214-1: “Every animal as a sentient being must be placed by its owner in conditions that are compatible with its species’ biological imperatives.” L214 focuses on the treatment of domesticated animals used for food consumption as they believe that they account for 99% of animal rights violations. L214 believes that as living beings, animals have the right to not be killed regardless of the quality of life before they are killed. The goal of L214 is to reveal the reality of the farming and slaughtering by filming cruel farming practices and slaughtering techniques, interviewing agribusiness professionals, studying scientific research regarding animals, and examining animals related laws. For more information visit their website at (https:\/\/www.l214.com\/L214-french-vegan-animal-protection-NGO<\/a>)\n\"\"<\/a>A similar organization created in the U.S is P.E.T.A or People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. PEATA is an organization who believe that animals should be treated the same way that people are, and that human being don’t have the right to exploit, use, or eat animals. They accomplish this by exposing mistreatment through undercover members or by protesting companies, organizations, and people who they feel hurt and abuse animals. PETA promotes a vegan lifestyle and protest the leather, wool, and fur industry. For more information on PETA visit (https:\/\/www.peta.org\/about-peta\/learn-about-peta\/history\/<\/a>)\nBoth organizations were created during the early 21 century in response to animal rights violations. They have since grown to be recognizable by many people within their respective countries. They have similar methods as both use shock videos and believe that no animal should be taken advantage of by people.\nAnother organization created in France is La SPA or the Society for the Protection of Animals, formed in the late 1800’s to fight the mistreatment of horses by stagecoach drivers. Since then they have started to fight animal abuse using laws protecting animals and by opening shelters to help rescue stray animals. They also fight bull fighting, slaughter without stunning, animal experimentation, the circus, and fur. For more information on La SPA visit (https:\/\/www.la-spa.fr\/nos-missions<\/a>)\nA similar organization to La SPA created in the United States is the American Humane Society.\n\"\"<\/a>The American Humane Society is an American organization that was founded in the late 1800’s. Originally it was founded by 27 humane organizations joining together wanting to improve the treatment and care of farm animals in America. They have also adopted the goal of improving the treatment of children as well as the treatment of animals. They use legal action, and political campaigning to try and convince people in the United states or organization in the US to stop the mistreatment of animals and sends out teams of people to help animals hurt by natural disasters or are in horrible situations for more information visit (https:\/\/www.americanhumane.org\/about-us\/history\/<\/a>)\nBoth organizations were created in the late 1800’s in response to the treatment of animals during the industrial revolution going on in both countries during this time. Both also have more shelter based tactics as the rescue of animals seems more important than the swaying of public opinion on animal rights. The development of these organizations during the same time periods and the similarities in their mission statements shows that the views of animal rights organizations in both France and the U.S are very similar.\nVaccination\/Registration<\/b>\nThere are different vaccination and registration laws between France and the United States. In the US, pet requirements are determined on a state by state basis, leading to a lack of standardized requirements and the potential for pets to be lost among state lines when owners move or pets are lost in a different state. In New Hampshire, it is required that pets have “proper identification” and proof of vaccination. This identification is not specified to be tags or a microchip, but most towns require entry of the animal into a local database and purchase of a license (for dogs). The license must be renewed each year. Furthermore, the license acknowledges the the animal has been vaccinated against rabies and though it is advised to have further vaccinations against other common diseases, it is not required.\n\u00a0The requirements in France are more strict, as it follows the European Union as well as federal guidelines. In France, a dog must be registered with a “passport” and vaccinated against rabies. However, France is much more concerned with the spread of rabies than the US, and has gone as far as to pick up animals and vaccinate them against rabies. Animals are also required to be microchipped, and there is a single national database for each species of animal leading to easier return of lost animals. Additionally, in France it is required that the pet name be picked from a certain list of names for the year. That is, all animals from that year have names beginning with the same letter for ease of identification of how old the animal is. Owners can call their pets by other nicknames, but legally the animal is registered under the official name.\n\t\t\t\t\"1_boston_terrier\"\n\t

Boston Terrier<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"2-whitelaying\"\n\t

French Bulldog<\/p>\n\t“Certificate of Birth”. Centrale Canine. Societe Centrale Canine. N. d. Web. 18 Oct. 2017.\n“Guide to Dog Vaccinations in France”. French Entree. White Fire Web Design. N. d. Web. 18 Oct. 2017.\n“Regional Regional Workshop on Workshop on surveillance and control of surveillance and control of Rabies”. Centrale Canine. Societe Centrale Canine. N. d. Web. 18 Oct. 2017.\n“Vaccinations for Your Pet”. ASPCA. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. N.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2017.\n\tAnimal Abuse in France Versus the United States<\/b>\nAnimal cruelty has occurred throughout history, as animals in past times have always been used as working objects. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humans all over the globe relied on animals to act as tools in the workplace. During the time that animals were universally seen as objects, multiple forms of animal cruelty took place. In both France and the United States, chicken fighting, bull fighting, bull baiting (with the use of dogs) and an overwhelming amount of horse and cattle whipping were amongst the most popular forms of animal cruelty.\nAs the Industrial Revolution progressed, new resources began to take precedence over the manual labor of animals. This triggered the first wave of animal rights beginning in both France and the United States. Humans began to see qualities in the animals, that they had not seen before. Gradually, it became more apparent that animals had compassion and feelings of their own. The upper class was the first to really associate with animals and turn them into what we now call ‘pets.’ The upper class had not associated with animals, as they did not associate with the employment types that incorporated animals into the job. Those aspiring to be ‘in’ with the upper classes began to acquire pets as well, spreading the idea and possession of pets. However, this realization did not occur all over the place, many in France still viewed animals as objects.\nTwo additional factors, aside from the new abundance of pet lovers, prompted the first wave of animal rights. Pet lovers in both France and the United States advocated for the sentience within the animal. One encouraging factor in doing so was vivisection, surgical procedures that take place on living animals while they are awake. Another factor was the desire to strengthen the community and the way they were perceived. These factors ran parallel in both the United States and France. It was not until the second wave of animal rights that both countries began to differ in their approach as well as their outlook on animal activism resulting in different views and rates of abuse.\nToday in both France and the United States, there are similarities in common forms of abuse. For example, puppy mills are small establishments that breed dogs in large quantities and ‘house’ them in very poor, confining conditions. There are also animal hoarders in both countries, animal hoarding is when people tend to acquire an abundance of pets in such copious amounts that it becomes impossible to pay enough attention to each individual pet in the household. Also, the excessive number of pets in such a confined space becomes unhealthy to both the animals and the owner. Between the two countries, there are also types of abuse that occur for the purpose of amusement. The most common type of animal abuse for human enjoyment is dog fighting. This is when people let two animals, most commonly dogs, fight to the death. Bets are often placed on the dog who an individual believes will win. Abandonment also occurs between the two countries, yet the reasons for the two countries differ.\n\t\t\t\t\"PMILL\"\n\t

The storage of dogs in a Puppy Mill<\/p>\n\tToday in France, the unfortunate acts of animal cruelty still occur. There are those who absolutely love, spoil and adore their pets, and there are those who continue to view their animals as working objects or just objects in general. Some people tend to keep their animals for the sole purpose of work. There are horses who are often kept for lifting or pulling heavy loads. Dogs are often kept as hunting helpers, they go out and track wildlife for their owners, and retrieve if there is success. Part of being a working animal in France is enduring poor living conditions, which in today’s world is a form of abandonment\/abuse. Working animals tend to live outdoors, and dogs are often kept in pens or they are tethered to trees or fences. After their working abilities have expired, the French often tend to put the animal to sleep, or drop them off at the shelter. Another shocking occurrence in France, is how nonchalantly the French feel about ‘disposing of’ their pets. Many French families tend to vacate during the summer, and instead of getting a pet sitter or boarding the animal, they drop it off at the shelter. When the family comes back, they tend to pick up a completely new pet.
\nToday in the United States, animal cruelty does persist. People living in the United States, primarily have one view on animals. They see them only as companions, and if the animals are not treated as such, people are immediately seen as abusive. Apart from the puppy mills, hoarding and amusement factors, there tend not to be others. For example, U.S. residents who have animals could never fathom leaving a pet at the shelter just to attend a vacation. Nor could they rid themselves of an animal just because the animal could no longer work. There are cases in which people will abandon their pets in random places, like streets, or leave them behind as the result of a move. If one looks closely at these scenarios, they would notice that these owners do not bring their pets to the shelter. This is very commonly due to embarrassment. Embarrassment is normally triggered by the knowledge of the standards in owning a pet in the United States, and abandonment is very outwardly frowned upon. So, as a result they would abandon these animals in a more discreet manner.\n\t\t\t\t\"LA\n\t

La Niche, an upscale pet store in Paris, France<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"WORKING\n\t

Pack of working dogs in France<\/p>\n\t

Ultimately, there seem to be two extremes in France. One being those who completely spoil and treat their pet as if they were their child. And the other, being those who just don’t quite care about the sentience of their animals and use them as working objects. In the United States, however, there is really only one side. People treat their animals as sentient beings, and regardless of whether or not they are used for work, they are also seen as family members. They would not be put to rest, or abandoned at a shelter once they reached retirement.<\/p>\nImage Links<\/b>\nhttp:\/\/www.feelslikehomeinparis.com\/blog\/paris-is-for-the-dogs-dog-stores-in-paris\/<\/a>\u00a0(La Niche store front photo source).\nhttps:\/\/www.aspca.org\/animal-cruelty\/puppy-mills<\/a>\u00a0(Puppy mill photo source).\nhttp:\/\/dunyanews.tv\/en\/WeirdNews\/150996–Hunt-with-hounds-continues-in-France<\/a>\u00a0(Working\/Hunting dog photo source).\nInformation Sources<\/b>\n

Landed, S.L. Just. “Pets in France.” Just Landed, 11 Nov. 2014,<\/p>\nwww.justlanded.com\/english\/France\/Articles\/Moving\/Pets-in-France<\/a>\n(Paris), Dov Alfon. “The Appalling Thing Some French People Do with Their Pets When They\nGo on Vacation.” Haaretz.com, 10 Sept. 2017,\u00a0www.haaretz.com\/world-<\/a>\nnews\/europe\/.premium-1.811171\n“Pet Statistics.” ASPCA,\u00a0www.aspca.org\/animal-homelessness\/shelter-intake-and-surrender\/pet-stati…<\/a>.\n“We welcome France’s recognition of animal sentience.” World Animal ProtectionInternational.\nwww.worldanimalprotection.org\/news\/we-welcome-frances-recognition-animal-sentience<\/a>.\n\tJake Gilbert
\n<\/b>FREN 525
\n<\/b>Final Project Article<\/b>\nA puppy mill is commercial dog breeding operation facility that often provides poor health conditions for puppies. These facilities are largely focused on profit and care little for the well being of their dogs. They don’t believe in contributing extra assets to ensure puppies are have a good environment to live in. Often times, puppy mills are overcrowded and very unsanitary, usually lined with cages in which puppies and breeding dogs are housed 24\/7. Puppies usually lack the proper amount of nourishment and veterinary care which leads to further health compromises later in life. Other health issues stem from the premature separation of puppies from their mothers to be sold to pet stores.\nBecause puppy mills are only concerned with their bottom line, they rapidly produce puppies with little care to their actual genetic makeup. Mills often breed two kinds of dogs together that produce offspring with health complications such as being more susceptible to heart disease or having trouble breathing. On top of this, breeding dogs are abused frequently. Often times they are given little to no recovery time in between litters. Once a mother grows old and can produce no more, they are put down. Mistreatment of these animals is highly prevalent and has become a big problem, specifically in the United States where some mills are licensed and are legally allowed to operate their business. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals estimates there are about 10,000 puppy mills in the United States but it is hard to be sure because so many mills operate without any oversight, many facilities and operations slip under the radar.\nhttps:\/\/www.aspca.org\/animal-cruelty\/puppy-mills<\/a>\nhttp:\/\/www.humanesociety.org\/issues\/puppy_mills\/?referrer=https:\/\/www.google.com\/<\/a>\nLike many countries in Europe, France experiences high rates of pet abandonment come the summer season. It’s estimated that 100,000 pets are left abandoned by their owners in the summer. The sole root of this problem is that French pet owners do not want to, or are not allowed to take their pets on vacation with them. The act is illegal, however, it is difficult to enforce because it is hard to prove where a pet came from. Some pets are dropped at a shelter before owners leave for their trips, some are just dumped on the side of the road, in both cases owners do not see any problem with these actions. The view of pets is that they are equal to furniture, they are merely property. The fight against animal abuse and this disturbing view has begun, but the transition is slow and the mindsets of the French remain stagnant.\nhttp:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/07\/11\/156609037\/in-france-the-abandoned-dog-days-of-summer<\/a>\nCONCLUSION<\/b>\nThere are many things that can be done to improve the plight of animals in both France and America. In France, it is important to advocate for a change of view in the role of pets. By treating animals as companions instead of objects, people will be less likely to abandon their animals. A recent law passed in France identifies animals as living beings instead of objects, and could prove to be a massive step forward in changing the opinions of the mass. In the United States, laws need to improved regarding registration and identification. The US could learn from the French model by creating standardized regulations and a national database for all animals, allowing for missing animals to be recovered more easily (or at least large regional databases including the North East, South East, etc.) Microchipping should also be required, as it is has been proven to be instrumental in the recovery of thousands of animals. Furthermore, it is also important to raise awareness for the adoption of shelter animals and mixed breeds in both France and America. The conditions of animals in puppy mills are horrific and unsanitary, leading to abusive conditions and suffering of many puppies. By increasing awareness for shelter animals the shelters will become less crowded and puppy mills will decline in prominence. In conclusion, there are a lot of things that both countries can learn from each other in order to improve the lives of pets and animals in general, leading to improved and more humane conditions in both countries.\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

French 525 v. American views of pets Introduction The United States is a young nation, a proud nation, and one that values progress. As a nation, we are concerned with matters of equality, ethics, and the environment. However, high concern does not equate with high standards. Our concern comes from seeing our mistakes. This is […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":241,"featured_media":0,"parent":136,"menu_order":75,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-389","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/241"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=389"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":438,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/389\/revisions\/438"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usnh.edu\/frenchculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}